Addressing pandemic threats
A future pandemic would have a severe impact on the global economy, reducing global GDP by an estimated 5-12%. Much of the economic cost is driven by the disruptive impact of avoiding infection (estimated 60%). These costs could be reduced substantially by a robust response, including strategic use of vaccine, antivirals, and potentially school closings or other public health measures. Better yet, by studying how influenza viruses evolve in animal reservoirs (particularly birds and pigs), and periodically infect humans, we might be able avert a future pandemic before it becomes transmissible in humans. By working collaboratively with researchers across the world, in both human and veterinary health, the MISMS network strives to build analytical capacity globally and understand fundamental dynamics of pandemics — whom they infect, how they spread between locations, how they jump from animals to humans, etc. — so that global pandemic responses around the world will be informed by the best science available, based on data collected by as many global partners as possible.
MISMS Influenza Research
Pandemic H1N1
MISMS scientists are at the forefront of influenza research that drives policy, including during the early stages of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.
- Where did the 2009 H1N1 virus originally evolve in pigs? (Smith et al., 2009 Nature; Mena et al., 2016 eLife)
- How is the virus spread globally in humans? Where did the first outbreak occur? (Lemey et al., 2009 PLoS Currents).
- Which human populations are at risk for severe disease and should be given priority for limited vaccine stocks?
- Why did some countries experience higher morbidity and mortality during the pandemic than others?
Vaccine
- Should large countries like Brazil and China that span temperate and tropical areas use different influenza vaccines (Northern versus Southern hemisphere) in different regions?
- Can we better predict which influenza virus strains should be included in next year’s vaccine?
- Would using different age groups for vaccine prioritization prevent more disease at a community level?
Disease Burden
- Does influenza cause a greater burden of disease in tropical countries than recognized?
- Are tropical countries central to the evolution and persistence of influenza viruses globally?
Animal-human interface
- What is the frequency of human-to-swine transmission?
- How does international trade of live swine spread influenza viruses around the world, creating opportunities for novel pandemic viruses to emerge from pigs?
- How can we break transmission of influenza viruses in US exhibition swine?